Jasmine Gladstone

The ISM manufacturing index, also known as the purchasing managers' index (PMI), is a monthly indicator of U.S. economic activity based on a survey of purchasing managers at more than 300 manufacturing firms. It is considered to be a key indicator of the state of the U.S. economy.

Formally called the Manufacturing ISM Report on Business, the survey is conducted by the Institute for Supply Management (ISM).

The ISM manufacturing index or purchasing managers' index is considered a key indicator of the state of the U.S. economy.

It indicates the level of demand for products by measuring the amount of ordering activity at the nation's factories.

The PMI number, which is announced on the first business day of each month, can greatly influence investor and business confidence.

A vertical merger is the merger of two or more companies that provide different supply chain functions for a common good or service. Most often, the merger is effected to increase synergies, gain more control of the supply chain process, and ramp up business. A vertical merger often results in reduced costs and increased productivity and efficiency.

Trade in Value Added (TiVA) is a statistical method used to estimate the sources of value added when producing goods and services for export and import.
The Trade in Value Added (TiVA) statistical method considers the value added by each country in the production of goods and services that are consumed worldwide.
The TiVA method eliminates the double or multiple counting problem prevalent in traditional trade statistics.
The OECD analyzes trade policy, investment policy, and a host of other policy measures to assist countries in accounting for global supply chain value systems.

Forfaiting is a means of financing that enables exporters to receive immediate cash by selling their medium and long-term receivables—the amount an importer owes the exporter—at a discount through an intermediary. The exporter eliminates risk by making the sale without recourse. It has no liability regarding the importer's possible default on the receivables.
The forfaiter is the individual or entity that purchases the receivables. The importer then pays the amount of the receivables to the forfaiter. A forfaiter is typically a bank or a financial firm that specializes in export financing.

A forward exchange contract against an export is an agreement between the importer and exporter to exchange a specified amount of the importer's currency for the exporter's currency. This is done on the date payment for an export is due, using the existing currency exchange rate at the time the contract for sale is made. The exchange rate is composed of the currency's spot price, the bank transaction fee, and an adjustment for the difference between the currencies' interest rates.