Jasmine Gladstone

The export of machines and high-tech products has impacted Japan’s economic growth since 1960. The main export groups in Japan include:

Cars of all kinds
Gearboxes and parts, accessories of automobiles
The electronic circuit of video recording equipment
Boats transporting goods
Printers and copiers of all kinds
Optical equipment, measuring machines
Chemicals, organic chemicals, additives
Rubber and rubber products used in cars
Phones and phone parts and components
Steels
The main export markets of Japan: Are the United States, China, South Korea, Taiwan, China, European Union countries.

Export merchandising is a method of offering retail goods for sale in a foreign consumer market. Many large companies across the country maintain entire divisions devoted to finding ways to better enter foreign retail markets through export merchandising to increase profit and sustain growth. Thanks to the internet, small businesses can get in on the act as well without the need of establishing an international supply chain and foreign retail locations.

External suppliers are those suppliers that are external to the ownership of the focal firm, while internal suppliers are those suppliers that belong to the same organization, but have a supplying function in the manufacturing network to the plants that finalize the products.

Since 9/11 and incidents such as the oil tanker bombing in the Gulf of Aden in 2002, cargo security is now high on the transport industry agenda.

The Incoterms 2020 edition analyses responsibilities by reference to activities associated with the export clearance process, the transport process and the import clearance process.

In practice, the most relevant security framework is often the International Ship and Port Security code ISPS Code, which is an amendment to the International Convention for the Safety at Sea (SOLAS).

Responsibility for security policy rests with designated persons both at the ship level and for shipping terminals. Carriers will often levy a small charge for security/ISPS, which will be borne by whoever contracts with the carrier.

Value added tax (VAT) is applied to goods sold on the EU market and thus also to those imported from outside the EU. VAT varies in each EU Member State and is usually paid by the importer.

The rate is the same as if you bought the product in your domestic market.
VAT-registered firms can reclaim the import VAT tax as input tax, just like they can claim back their domestic VAT payments.
The calculation of your VAT payments is based on the value of your goods, your import duty, and excise duties if they apply. You can read more about VAT and Member States' rates here.
For selected goods you will be required to pay excise duties, which vary from EU country to EU country. These taxes apply to, for example:

• tobacco products,
• alcoholic beverages,
• mineral oil,
• energy products.