Munmun Singh

A Grey Market is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which are legal but are unofficial, unauthorised, or unintended by the original manufacturer. Grey Market is allowed only if the good is original.

The following documents must be provided for quarantine inspection:

• veterinary certificate
• permission to export from Kazakhstan
• the certificate of origin of the goods
• customs cargo declaration
• invoice
• packing list
• routing sheet
• trade agreement
• letter of credit
• consignment notes confirming the transfer of goods to the carrier.

Consider two profit-maximizing service firms in the presence of congestion-sensitive customers. Firms set their prices and compete to capture market share. We compare cases where the firms can invest either independently (competition) or jointly (co-opetition) in congestion-reduction (CR) activities. Using a stylized analytical model, we find that when the market is covered (that is when everyone buys a product), the firm with a lower marginal CR cost earns more profit under competition than under co-opetition. When the market is uncovered, co-opetition is more profitable if the joint marginal CR cost is less than a threshold. We find that when the market is covered, neither firm makes any CR investment but when the market is uncovered, there will be a CR investment provided the marginal CR cost is lower than a threshold. Our analysis shows that when prices are regulated, firms under competition make CR investments but firms under co-opetition do not. The impact of proximity on each firm’s choice of location under competition and co-opetition are different. We find that if the marginal CR cost under joint investment is larger than a cutoff, then social welfare is also higher under competition than under co-opetition.

The U.S. Principal Party in Interest (USPPI), typically the exporter, is responsible for providing the necessary information for export clearance requirements.

For refund of LC margin deposit, any unutilised LC amount after LC expiry date will only be refunded to you at least one month after the LC expiry date. If the LC is a usance credit, such deposit balance will be refunded after the latest maturity date of the import documents drawn under the credit.