Reyansh Goswami

1. In recent years, the scope of implementation of ICT information technologies and advanced data processing technologies Industry 4.0 into logistics management systems has been increasing. Effective implementation of ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0 technology contributes to improving the efficiency of logistics processes, including production logistics, service provision, supply, distribution, etc. In addition, the implementation of internet technologies in logistics processes increases the scope of development of e-logistics. The current technological revolution referred to as Industry 4.0 is motivated by the development of the following factors: Big Data database technologies, cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Business Intelligence, Virtual and Augmented Reality and other advanced technologies of Data Mining. Increasingly, these technologies are used to develop e-logistics. In addition, in recent years the development of e-logistics is also determined by technological progress in the field of electronic internet banking and the development of information services provided via the Internet by internet technology companies and fintechs. 2. We can consider, about the changing logistics in the distribution of products in connection with the development of Internet commerce, that there are two main points: - the order picking - the delivery. About the order picking, there are three essential alternatives: - warehouse-picking (through a regional warehouse) - store-picking - depot-picking (through a very close depot). About the delivery, there also are three main alternatives: - home delivery - parcel pickup at very close pickup points (by stores or automated lockers) - parcel pickup at UCC (Urban Consolidation Center - small logistic infrastructure).

Trade balance is a country’s exports minus its imports. Consequently, a country’s trade balance is positive if the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports. Similarly, a country’s trade balance is negative if the value of its imports exceeds the value of its exports. A positive trade balance is referred to as a trade surplus. A negative trade balance is referred to as a trade deficit.

Hello Teresa! For maritime export we need 4 main documents: 1. Invoice 2. packing list 3. certificate of origin and 4. master bill of lading.

Nice question Mr. Goel. 1.Distance: Due to long distance between different countries, it is difficult to establish quick and close trade contacts between traders. Buyers and sellers rarely meet one another and personal contact is rarely possible. There is a great time lag between placement of order and receipt of goods from foreign countries. Distance creates higher costs of transportation and greater risks. 2.Different languages: Different languages are spoken and written in different countries. Price lists and catalogues are prepared in foreign languages. Advertisements and correspondence also are to be done in foreign languages.A trader wishing to buy or sell goods abroad must know the foreign language or employ somebody who knows that language. 3.Difficulty in transportation and communication: Dispatch and receipt of goods takes a longer time and involves considerable expenses. During the war and natural calamities, transportation of goods becomes even more difficult. Similarly, the costs of sending or receiving information are very high. 4.Risk in transit: Foreign trade involves much greater risk than home trade. Goods have to be transported over long distances and they are exposed to perils of the sea. Many of these risks can be covered through marine insurance but increases the cost of goods. 5.Lack of information about foreign businessmen: In the absence of direct and close relationship between buyers and sellers, special steps are necessary to verify the creditworthiness of foreign buyers. It is difficult to obtain reliable information concerning the financial position and business standing of the foreign traders. Therefore, credit risk is high.

I suppose that criticisms is also there for trade blocs. However, Many advocates of global free trade are opposed to trading blocs. Trade blocs are seen by them to encourage regional free trade at the expense of global free trade.Those who advocate for it claim that global free trade is in the interest of every country, as it would create more opportunities to turn local resources into goods and services that are both currently in demand and will be in demand in the future by consumers.However, scholars and economists continue to debate whether regional trade blocs fragment the global economy or encourage the extension of the existing global multilateral trading system